Hafnium (Hf, Z = 72)
Métal de transition Bloc d Groupe 4 Période 6 Solide (CNTP)
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later).
Découvreur : Dirk Coster
Propriétés physiques
- Masse atomique standard
- 178,5 u
- Densité
- 13,31 g/cm³
- Point de fusion
- 2 506,0 K
- Point d'ébullition
- 4 876,0 K
- Chaleur molaire
- 25,73 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
- Électronégativité (Pauling)
- 1,300
- Affinité électronique
- 17,18 kJ/mol
- Énergies d'ionisation
- 659 ; 1 440 ; 2 250 ; 3 216 kJ/mol
- Configuration électronique
- [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
- Électrons par couche
- K : 2 · L : 8 · M : 18 · N : 32 · O : 10 · P : 2
- Aspect
- steel gray
Correspondance ANU historique / conjectural
Comptage de la Chimie Occulte (1908) : 3 211 ANU (atomes ultimes), soit N/18 = 178,39 — masse « noologique » à comparer à la masse standard 178,492 u et à l'isotope dominant 180Hf. Coefficient k(Z) = 0,914
Matériel historique et conjectural — voir la page Pont ANU ↔ Nucléides.
Isotopes (38)
| Nucléide | A | N | Masse (u) | Abondance (%) | Demi-vie | Spin | Parité | Magique |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 153Hf | 153 | 81 | 152,970692 | — | — | 1/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 154Hf | 154 | 82 | 153,964863 | — | 2 s | 0 | ⁺ | N magique |
| 155Hf | 155 | 83 | 154,963167 | — | 843 ms | 7/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 156Hf | 156 | 84 | 155,959399 | — | 23 ms | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 157Hf | 157 | 85 | 156,958288 | — | 115 ms | 7/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 158Hf | 158 | 86 | 157,954801 | — | 2.85 s | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 159Hf | 159 | 87 | 158,953996 | — | 5.2 s | 7/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 160Hf | 160 | 88 | 159,950683 | — | 13.6 s | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 161Hf | 161 | 89 | 160,950278 | — | 18.4 s | 7/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 162Hf | 162 | 90 | 161,947216 | — | 39.4 s | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 163Hf | 163 | 91 | 162,947107 | — | 40 s | 5/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 164Hf | 164 | 92 | 163,944371 | — | 111 s | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 165Hf | 165 | 93 | 164,944567 | — | 76 s | 5/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 166Hf | 166 | 94 | 165,942180 | — | 6.77 min | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 167Hf | 167 | 95 | 166,942600 | — | 2.05 min | 5/2 | — | |
| 168Hf | 168 | 96 | 167,940568 | — | 25.95 min | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 169Hf | 169 | 97 | 168,941259 | — | 3.24 min | 5/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 170Hf | 170 | 98 | 169,939609 | — | 16.01 h | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 171Hf | 171 | 99 | 170,940492 | — | 12.1 h | 7/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 172Hf | 172 | 100 | 171,939450 | — | 1.87 an | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 173Hf | 173 | 101 | 172,940513 | — | 23.6 h | 1/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 174Hf | 174 | 102 | 173,940048 | 0,1600 | 2 Pa | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 175Hf | 175 | 103 | 174,941511 | — | 70.65 j | 5/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 176Hf | 176 | 104 | 175,941410 | 5,2600 | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 177Hf | 177 | 105 | 176,943230 | 18,6000 | stable | 7/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 178Hf | 178 | 106 | 177,943708 | 27,2800 | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 179Hf | 179 | 107 | 178,945826 | 13,6200 | stable | 9/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 180Hf | 180 | 108 | 179,946560 | 35,0800 | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 181Hf | 181 | 109 | 180,949111 | — | 42.39 j | 1/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 182Hf | 182 | 110 | 181,950564 | — | 8.9 Ma | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 183Hf | 183 | 111 | 182,953533 | — | 1.018 h | 3/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 184Hf | 184 | 112 | 183,955449 | — | 4.12 h | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 185Hf | 185 | 113 | 184,958862 | — | 3.5 min | 9/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 186Hf | 186 | 114 | 185,960897 | — | 2.6 min | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 187Hf | 187 | 115 | 186,964573 | — | — | 9/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 188Hf | 188 | 116 | 187,966903 | — | — | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 189Hf | 189 | 117 | 188,970853 | — | — | 3/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 190Hf | 190 | 118 | 189,973376 | — | — | 0 | ⁺ | — |
Liseré coloré en première colonne : vert = stable, jaune = demi-vie > 1 an, orange > 1 jour, rouge < 1 jour.