Germanium (Ge, Z = 32)
Métalloïde Bloc p Groupe 14 Période 4 Solide (CNTP)
Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.
Découvreur : Clemens Winkler
Propriétés physiques
- Masse atomique standard
- 72,63 u
- Densité
- 5,323 g/cm³
- Point de fusion
- 1 211,4 K
- Point d'ébullition
- 3 106,0 K
- Chaleur molaire
- 23,22 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
- Électronégativité (Pauling)
- 2,010
- Affinité électronique
- 118,9 kJ/mol
- Énergies d'ionisation
- 762 ; 1 538 ; 3 302 ; 4 411 kJ/mol
- Configuration électronique
- [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
- Électrons par couche
- K : 2 · L : 8 · M : 18 · N : 4
- Aspect
- grayish-white
Correspondance ANU historique / conjectural
Comptage de la Chimie Occulte (1908) : 1 300 ANU (atomes ultimes), soit N/18 = 72,22 — masse « noologique » à comparer à la masse standard 72,631 u et à l'isotope dominant 74Ge. Coefficient k(Z) = 1,025
Matériel historique et conjectural — voir la page Pont ANU ↔ Nucléides.
Isotopes (33)
| Nucléide | A | N | Masse (u) | Abondance (%) | Demi-vie | Spin | Parité | Magique |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58Ge | 58 | 26 | 57,991863 | — | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 59Ge | 59 | 27 | 58,982426 | — | 13.3 ms | 7/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 60Ge | 60 | 28 | 59,970445 | — | 21 ms | 0 | ⁺ | N magique |
| 61Ge | 61 | 29 | 60,963725 | — | 40.7 ms | 3/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 62Ge | 62 | 30 | 61,954761 | — | 82.5 ms | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 63Ge | 63 | 31 | 62,949628 | — | 153.6 ms | 3/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 64Ge | 64 | 32 | 63,941690 | — | 63.7 s | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 65Ge | 65 | 33 | 64,939368 | — | 30.9 s | 3/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 66Ge | 66 | 34 | 65,933862 | — | 2.26 h | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 67Ge | 67 | 35 | 66,932717 | — | 18.9 min | 1/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 68Ge | 68 | 36 | 67,928095 | — | 271.05 j | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 69Ge | 69 | 37 | 68,927964 | — | 39.05 h | 5/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 70Ge | 70 | 38 | 69,924249 | 20,5200 | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 71Ge | 71 | 39 | 70,924952 | — | 11.43 j | 1/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 72Ge | 72 | 40 | 71,922076 | 27,4500 | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 73Ge | 73 | 41 | 72,923459 | 7,7600 | stable | 9/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 74Ge | 74 | 42 | 73,921178 | 36,5200 | stable | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 75Ge | 75 | 43 | 74,922858 | — | 82.78 min | 1/2 | ⁻ | — |
| 76Ge | 76 | 44 | 75,921403 | 7,7500 | 1.88 Zyear | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 77Ge | 77 | 45 | 76,923550 | — | 11.211 h | 7/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 78Ge | 78 | 46 | 77,922853 | — | 88 min | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 79Ge | 79 | 47 | 78,925360 | — | 18.98 s | 1/2 | — | |
| 80Ge | 80 | 48 | 79,925351 | — | 29.5 s | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 81Ge | 81 | 49 | 80,928833 | — | 9 s | 9/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 82Ge | 82 | 50 | 81,929774 | — | 4.31 s | 0 | ⁺ | N magique |
| 83Ge | 83 | 51 | 82,934539 | — | 1.85 s | 5/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 84Ge | 84 | 52 | 83,937575 | — | 951 ms | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 85Ge | 85 | 53 | 84,942970 | — | 495 ms | 3/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 86Ge | 86 | 54 | 85,946967 | — | 221.6 ms | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 87Ge | 87 | 55 | 86,953204 | — | 103 ms | 5/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 88Ge | 88 | 56 | 87,957574 | — | 61 ms | 0 | ⁺ | — |
| 89Ge | 89 | 57 | 88,964530 | — | — | 3/2 | ⁺ | — |
| 90Ge | 90 | 58 | 89,969436 | — | — | 0 | ⁺ | — |
Liseré coloré en première colonne : vert = stable, jaune = demi-vie > 1 an, orange > 1 jour, rouge < 1 jour.